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What (who) is nucleotide - definition
![Showing the arrangement of nucleotides within the structure of nucleic acids: At lower left, a monophosphate nucleotide; its nitrogenous base represents one side of a base-pair. At the upper right, four nucleotides form two base-pairs: thymine and adenine (connected by ''double'' hydrogen bonds) and guanine and cytosine (connected by ''triple'' hydrogen bonds). The individual nucleotide monomers are chain-joined at their sugar and phosphate molecules, forming two 'backbones' (a [[double helix]]) of nucleic acid, shown at upper left.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/0322 DNA Nucleotides.jpg?width=200 "Showing the arrangement of nucleotides within the structure of nucleic acids: At lower left, a monophosphate nucleotide; its nitrogenous base represents one side of a base-pair. At the upper right, four nucleotides form two base-pairs: thymine and adenine (connected by ''double'' hydrogen bonds) and guanine and cytosine (connected by ''triple'' hydrogen bonds). The individual nucleotide monomers are chain-joined at their sugar and phosphate molecules, forming two 'backbones' (a [[double helix]]) of nucleic acid, shown at upper left.")
![This nucleotide contains the five-carbon sugar [[deoxyribose]] (at center), a [[nucleobase]] called [[adenine]] (upper right), and one [[phosphate]] group (left). The deoxyribose sugar joined only to the nitrogenous base forms a <u title="Nucleotide">[[Deoxyribonucleoside]]</u> called [[deoxyadenosine]], whereas the whole structure along with the phosphate group is a <u title="Deoxyadenosine monophosphate" href="deoxyadenosine monophosphate">nucleotide</u>, a constituent of DNA with the name [[deoxyadenosine monophosphate]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/DAMP chemical structure.svg?width=200 "This nucleotide contains the five-carbon sugar [[deoxyribose]] (at center), a [[nucleobase]] called [[adenine]] (upper right), and one [[phosphate]] group (left). The deoxyribose sugar joined only to the nitrogenous base forms a <u title=\"Nucleotide\">[[Deoxyribonucleoside]]</u> called [[deoxyadenosine]], whereas the whole structure along with the phosphate group is a <u title=\"Deoxyadenosine monophosphate\" href=\"deoxyadenosine monophosphate\">nucleotide</u>, a constituent of DNA with the name [[deoxyadenosine monophosphate]].")
![pyrimidines]]—are sketched at right (in blue).](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nucleotides 1.svg?width=200 "pyrimidines]]—are sketched at right (in blue).")
![UMP]]'''.</div>The color scheme is as follows: <span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: blue;">enzymes</span>, <span style="color: rgb(219,155,36);">coenzymes</span>, <span style="color: rgb(151,149,45);">substrate names</span>, <span style="color: rgb(128,0,0);">inorganic molecules</span> </span>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nucleotides syn2.png?width=200 "UMP]]'''.</div>The color scheme is as follows: <span style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span style=\"color: blue;\">enzymes</span>, <span style=\"color: rgb(219,155,36);\">coenzymes</span>, <span style=\"color: rgb(151,149,45);\">substrate names</span>, <span style=\"color: rgb(128,0,0);\">inorganic molecules</span> </span>")
Wikipedia
Nucleotides are organic molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate. They serve as monomeric units of the nucleic acid polymers – deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecules within all life-forms on Earth. Nucleotides are obtained in the diet and are also synthesized from common nutrients by the liver.
Nucleotides are composed of three subunit molecules: a nucleobase, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group consisting of one to three phosphates. The four nucleobases in DNA are guanine, adenine, cytosine and thymine; in RNA, uracil is used in place of thymine.
Nucleotides also play a central role in metabolism at a fundamental, cellular level. They provide chemical energy—in the form of the nucleoside triphosphates, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), cytidine triphosphate (CTP) and uridine triphosphate (UTP)—throughout the cell for the many cellular functions that demand energy, including: amino acid, protein and cell membrane synthesis, moving the cell and cell parts (both internally and intercellularly), cell division, etc. In addition, nucleotides participate in cell signaling (cyclic guanosine monophosphate or cGMP and cyclic adenosine monophosphate or cAMP), and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions (e.g. coenzyme A, FAD, FMN, NAD, and NADP+).
In experimental biochemistry, nucleotides can be radiolabeled using radionuclides to yield radionucleotides.
5-nucleotides are also used in flavour enhancers as food additive to enhance the umami taste, often in the form of a yeast extract.
